Adenosine in the central nervous system: release mechanisms and extracellular concentrations

被引:605
作者
Latini, S [1 ]
Pedata, F [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Florence, Dept Preclin & Clin Pharmacol, I-50139 Florence, Italy
关键词
adenosine release; CNS; extracellular concentrations;
D O I
10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00607.x
中图分类号
Q5 [生物化学]; Q7 [分子生物学];
学科分类号
071010 ; 081704 ;
摘要
Adenosine has several functions within the CNS that involve an inhibitory tone of neurotransmission and neuroprotective actions in pathological conditions. The understanding of adenosine production and release in the brain is therefore of fundamental importance and has been extensively studied. Conflicting results are often obtained regarding the cellular source of adenosine, the stimulus that induces release and the mechanism for release, in relation to different experimental approaches used to study adenosine production and release. A neuronal origin of adenosine has been demonstrated through electrophysiological approaches showing that neurones can release significant quantities of adenosine, sufficient to activate adenosine receptors and to modulate synaptic functions. Specific actions of adenosine are mediated by different receptor subtypes (A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3)), which are activated by various ranges of adenosine concentrations. Another important issue is the measurement of adenosine concentrations in the extracellular fluid under different conditions in order to know the degree of receptor stimulation and understand adenosine central actions. For this purpose, several experimental approaches have been used both in vivo and in vitro, which provide an estimation of basal adenosine levels in the range of 50-200 nm. The purpose of this review is to describe pathways of adenosine production and metabolism, and to summarize characteristics of adenosine release in the brain in response to different stimuli. Finally, studies performed to evaluate adenosine concentrations under physiological and hypoxic/ischemic conditions will be described to evaluate the degree of adenosine receptor activation.
引用
收藏
页码:463 / 484
页数:22
相关论文
共 183 条
  • [61] Molecular Cloning and characterization of a nitrobenzylthioinosine-insensitive (ei) equilibrative nucleoside transporter from human placenta
    Griffiths, M
    Yao, SYM
    Abidi, F
    Phillips, SEV
    Cass, CE
    Young, JD
    Baldwin, SA
    [J]. BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL, 1997, 328 : 739 - 743
  • [62] MONOSPECIFIC ANTISERUM AGAINST 5'-NUCLEOTIDASE FROM TORPEDO ELECTRIC ORGAN - IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ENZYME AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH SCHWANN-CELL MEMBRANES
    GRONDAL, EJM
    JANETZKO, A
    ZIMMERMANN, H
    [J]. NEUROSCIENCE, 1988, 24 (01) : 351 - 363
  • [63] Antiparkinsonian effect of a new selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist in MPTP-treated monkeys
    Grondin, R
    Bédard, PJ
    Tahar, AH
    Grégoire, L
    Mori, A
    Kase, H
    [J]. NEUROLOGY, 1999, 52 (08) : 1673 - 1677
  • [64] GU JG, 1995, J NEUROCHEM, V64, P2105
  • [65] BLOCKADE OF N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE-SENSITIVE ACIDIC AMINO-ACID RECEPTORS INHIBITS ISCHEMIA-INDUCED ACCUMULATION OF PURINE CATABOLITES IN THE RAT STRIATUM
    HAGBERG, H
    ANDERSSON, P
    BUTCHER, S
    SANDBERG, M
    LEHMANN, A
    HAMBERGER, A
    [J]. NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS, 1986, 68 (03) : 311 - 316
  • [66] EXTRACELLULAR ADENOSINE, INOSINE, HYPOXANTHINE, AND XANTHINE IN RELATION TO TISSUE NUCLEOTIDES AND PURINES IN RAT STRIATUM DURING TRANSIENT ISCHEMIA
    HAGBERG, H
    ANDERSSON, P
    LACAREWICZ, J
    JACOBSON, I
    BUTCHER, S
    SANDBERG, M
    [J]. JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, 1987, 49 (01) : 227 - 231
  • [67] HENDERSON GB, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P1641
  • [68] DYNAMICS OF EXTRACELLULAR METABOLITES IN THE STRIATUM AFTER MIDDLE CEREBRAL-ARTERY OCCLUSION IN THE RAT MONITORED BY INTRACEREBRAL MICRODIALYSIS
    HILLERED, L
    HALLSTROM, A
    SEGERSVARD, S
    PERSSON, L
    UNGERSTEDT, U
    [J]. JOURNAL OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLISM, 1989, 9 (05) : 607 - 616
  • [69] ROLE OF EXCITATORY AMINO-ACID RECEPTORS IN K+-EVOKED AND GLUTAMATE-EVOKED RELEASE OF ENDOGENOUS ADENOSINE FROM RAT CORTICAL SLICES
    HOEHN, K
    WHITE, TD
    [J]. JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, 1990, 54 (01) : 256 - 265
  • [70] GLUTAMATE-EVOKED RELEASE OF ENDOGENOUS ADENOSINE FROM RAT CORTICAL SYNAPTOSOMES IS MEDIATED BY GLUTAMATE UPTAKE AND NOT BY RECEPTORS
    HOEHN, K
    WHITE, TD
    [J]. JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, 1990, 54 (05) : 1716 - 1724