Characteristics of the copper phthalocyanines synthesized at various conditions under the classical and microwave processes

Copper phthalocyanines were synthesized by the reaction of phthalic anhydride, urea, and copper(l) chloride at various temperatures and times under classical and microwave processes. The samples synthesized at various conditions were characterized by the means of chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET, and particle size analysis. The best yield of 85.1 wt.% was obtained at 180degreesC for 4 h under the classical process and that of 88.2 wt.% was obtained at 170degreesC for 4 h under the microwave process. Comparison between the classical and microwave processes revealed that the non-thermal effects of microwaves were existed during reaction period because the reaction occurred at lower temperature in a very limited extension. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.