Linking in-vehicle ultrafine particle exposures to on-road concentrations

被引:73
作者
Hudda, Neelakshi [1 ]
Eckel, Sandrah R. [2 ]
Knibbs, Luke D. [3 ]
Sioutas, Constantinos [1 ]
Delfino, Ralph J. [4 ]
Fruin, Scott A. [5 ]
机构
[1] Univ So Calif, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
[2] Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Div Biostat, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
[3] Queensland Univ Technol, Int Lab Air Qual & Hlth, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia
[4] Univ Calif Irvine, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
[5] Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Div Environm Hlth, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
关键词
Ultrafine particles; In-vehicle; Exposure; Microenvironment; Air exchange rate; Model; AIR-POLLUTION; CABIN; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; POLLUTANTS; NUMBER;
D O I
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.05.021
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
For traffic-related pollutants like ultrafine particles (UFP), a significant fraction of overall exposure occurs within or close to the transit microenvironment Therefore, understanding exposure to these pollutants in such microenvironments is crucial to accurately assessing overall UFP exposure. The aim of this study was to develop models for predicting in-cabin UFP concentrations if roadway concentrations are known, quantifying the effect of vehicle characteristics, ventilation settings, driving conditions and air exchange rates (AER). Particle concentrations and AER were measured in 43 and 73 vehicles, respectively, under various ventilation settings and driving speeds. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression models were used to identify and quantify the factors that determine inside-to-outside (I/O) UFP ratios and AERs across a full range of vehicle types and ages. AER was the most significant determinant of UFP I/O ratios, and was most strongly influenced by ventilation setting (recirculation or outside air intake). Further inclusion of ventilation fan speed, vehicle age or mileage, and driving speed explained greater than 79% of the variability in measured UFP I/O ratios. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:578 / 586
页数:9
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