Three-Dimensional Concentration Mapping of Organic Blends

被引:63
作者
Roehling, John D. [1 ]
Batenburg, K. Joost [2 ,3 ]
Swain, F. Benjamin [4 ]
Moule, Adam J. [1 ]
Arslan, Ilke [5 ]
机构
[1] Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
[2] Ctr Wiskunde & Informat, NL-1090 GB Amsterdam, Netherlands
[3] Univ Antwerp, Vis Lab, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
[4] Luna Innovat Inc, Danville, VA 24541 USA
[5] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA
基金
美国国家科学基金会;
关键词
bulk-heterojunction; morphology; miscibility; tomography; endohedral fullerenes; POLYMER SOLAR-CELLS; NANOSCALE ORGANIZATION; PHOTOVOLTAIC BLENDS; MORPHOLOGY; EFFICIENCY; POLY(3-HEXYLTHIOPHENE); MISCIBILITY; CRYSTALLIZATION; PERFORMANCE; FULLERENES;
D O I
10.1002/adfm.201202190
中图分类号
O6 [化学];
学科分类号
0703 ;
摘要
The three-dimensional morphology of mixed organic layers are quantitatively measured using high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) with electron tomography for the first time. The mixed organic layers used for organic photovoltaic applications have not been previously imaged using STEM tomography as there is insufficient contrast between donor and acceptor components. Contrast is generated by substituting fullerenes with endohedral fullerenes that contain a Lu3N cluster within the fullerene cage. The high contrast and signal-to-noise ratio, in combination with use of the discrete algebraic reconstruction technique (DART), allows generation of the most detailed and accurate three-dimensional map of BHJ morphology to date. From the STEM-tomography reconstructions it is determined that three distinct material phases are present within the BHJs. By observing changes to morphology and mixing ratio during thermal and solvent annealing, the effects of mutual solubility and fullerene crystallization on morphology and long term stability are determined. This material/technique combination shows itself as a powerful tool for examining morphology in detail and allows for observation of nanoscopic changes in local concentration.
引用
收藏
页码:2115 / 2122
页数:8
相关论文
共 56 条
[1]  
[Anonymous], THESIS GEORGETOWN U
[2]   Embedded nanostructures revealed in three dimensions [J].
Arslan, I ;
Yates, TJV ;
Browning, ND ;
Midgley, PA .
SCIENCE, 2005, 309 (5744) :2195-2198
[3]   Quantitative three-dimensional reconstruction of catalyst particles for bamboo-like carbon nanotubes [J].
Bals, Sara ;
Batenburg, K. Joost ;
Verbeeck, Jo ;
Sijbers, Jan ;
Van Tendeloo, Gustaaf .
NANO LETTERS, 2007, 7 (12) :3669-3674
[4]   3D imaging of nanomaterials by discrete tomography [J].
Batenburg, K. J. ;
Bals, S. ;
Sijbers, J. ;
Kuebel, C. ;
Midgley, P. A. ;
Hernandez, J. C. ;
Kaiser, U. ;
Encina, E. R. ;
Coronado, E. A. ;
Van Tendeloo, G. .
ULTRAMICROSCOPY, 2009, 109 (06) :730-740
[5]   DART: A Practical Reconstruction Algorithm for Discrete Tomography [J].
Batenburg, Kees Joost ;
Sijbers, Jan .
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, 2011, 20 (09) :2542-2553
[6]   Acceptor dependent polaron recombination dynamics in poly 3-hexyl thiophene: Fullerene composite films [J].
Busby, Erik ;
Rochester, Christopher W. ;
Moule, Adam J. ;
Larsen, Delmar S. .
CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS, 2011, 513 (1-3) :77-83
[7]   Effect of Trace Solvent on the Morphology of P3HT:PCBM Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells [J].
Chang, Lilian ;
Lademann, Hans W. A. ;
Bonekamp, Joerg-Bernd ;
Meerholz, Klaus ;
Moule, Adam J. .
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, 2011, 21 (10) :1779-1787
[8]   P3HT/PCBM Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaics: Correlating Efficiency and Morphology [J].
Chen, Dian ;
Nakahara, Atsuhiro ;
Wei, Dongguang ;
Nordlund, Dennis ;
Russell, Thomas P. .
NANO LETTERS, 2011, 11 (02) :561-567
[9]   The miscibility and depth profile of PCBM in P3HT: thermodynamic information to improve organic photovoltaics [J].
Chen, Huipeng ;
Hegde, Raghavendra ;
Browning, J. ;
Dadmun, M. D. .
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS, 2012, 14 (16) :5635-5641
[10]   Recent Progress in Polymer Solar Cells: Manipulation of Polymer: Fullerene Morphology and the Formation of Efficient Inverted Polymer Solar Cells [J].
Chen, Li-Min ;
Hong, Ziruo ;
Li, Gang ;
Yang, Yang .
ADVANCED MATERIALS, 2009, 21 (14-15) :1434-1449