From zero to six double bonds: phospholipid unsaturation and organelle function

Cellular phospholipids (PLs) differ by the nature of their polar heads as well as by the length and unsaturation level of their fatty acyl chains. We discuss how the ratio between saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated PLs impacts on the functions of such organelles as the endoplasmic reticulum, synaptic vesicles, and photoreceptor discs. Recent experiments and simulations suggest that polyunsaturated PLs respond differently to mechanical stress, including membrane bending, than monounsaturated PLs owing to their unique conformational plasticity. These findings suggest a rationale for PL acyl chain remodeling by acyltransferases and a molecular explanation for the importance of a balanced fatty acid diet.