A REVIEW OF GLOBAL OCEAN TEMPERATURE OBSERVATIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR OCEAN HEAT CONTENT ESTIMATES AND CLIMATE CHANGE

被引：357

作者：

Abraham, J. P. ^{[1
]}

Baringer, M. ^{[2
]}

Bindoff, N. L. ^{[3
,4
,5
]}

Boyer, T. ^{[6
]}

Cheng, L. J. ^{[7
]}

Church, J. A. ^{[4
]}

Conroy, J. L. ^{[8
]}

Domingues, C. M. ^{[5
]}

Fasullo, J. T. ^{[9
]}

Gilson, J. ^{[10
]}

Goni, G. ^{[2
]}

Good, S. A. ^{[11
]}

Gorman, J. M. ^{[1
]}

Gouretski, V. ^{[12
]}

Ishii, M. ^{[13
]}

Johnson, G. C. ^{[14
]}

Kizu, S. ^{[15
]}

Lyman, J. M. ^{[14
,16
]}

Macdonald, A. M. ^{[17
]}

Minkowycz, W. J. ^{[18
]}

Moffitt, S. E. ^{[19
,20
]}

Palmer, M. D. ^{[11
]}

Piola, A. R. ^{[21
,22
]}

Reseghetti, F. ^{[23
]}

Schuckmann, K. ^{[24
]}

Trenberth, K. E. ^{[9
]}

Velicogna, I. ^{[25
,26
]}

Willis, J. K. ^{[26
]}

机构：

[1] Univ St Thomas, Sch Engn, St Paul, MN 55105 USA

[2] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA

[3] Univ Tasmania, IMAS, Hobart, Tas, Australia

[4] CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Ctr Australian Weather & Climate Res, Hobart, Tas, Australia

[5] Univ Tasmania, Antarctic Climate & Ecosyst Cooperat Res Ctr, Hobart, Tas, Australia

[6] NOAA, Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, Silver Spring, MD USA

[7] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Beijing, Peoples R China

[8] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA

[9] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA

[10] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA

[11] Met Off Hadley Ctr, Exeter, Devon, England

[12] Univ Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

[13] Meteorol Res Inst, Climate Res Dept, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan

[14] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA

[15] Tohoku Univ, Dept Geophys, Sendai, Miyagi 980, Japan

[16] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA

[17] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA

[18] Univ Illinois, Dept Mech & Ind Engn, Chicago, IL USA

[19] Bodega Bay Marine Lab, Bodega Bay, CA USA

[20] Univ Calif Davis, Grad Grp Ecol, Davis, CA 95616 USA

[21] Univ Buenos Aires, Dept Oceanog, Serv Hidrografia Naval, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina

[22] Univ Buenos Aires, UMI IFAECI, Dept Ciencias Atmosfera & Oceanos, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina

[23] ENEA Italian Natl Agcy New Technol, Energy Sustainable Econ Dev UTMAR OSS, La Spezia, Italy

[24] IFREMER, Toulon, France

[25] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA USA

[26] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA

来源：

REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS | 2013年 / 51卷 / 03期

基金：

美国国家科学基金会;

关键词：

global warming; ocean heat content; Argo float; thermosteric sea level rise; expendable bathythermograph; Earth energy balance; EARTHS ENERGY IMBALANCE; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; WESTERN SOUTH ATLANTIC; FALL-RATE; EXPENDABLE BATHYTHERMOGRAPHS; SUBSURFACE TEMPERATURE; OBJECTIVE ANALYSES; PROFILING FLOATS; LEVEL RISE; XBT;

D O I：

10.1002/rog.20022

中图分类号：

P3 [地球物理学]; P59 [地球化学];

学科分类号：

0708 ; 070902 ;

摘要：

The evolution of ocean temperature measurement systems is presented with a focus on the development and accuracy of two critical devices in use today (expendable bathythermographs and conductivity-temperature-depth instruments used on Argo floats). A detailed discussion of the accuracy of these devices and a projection of the future of ocean temperature measurements are provided. The accuracy of ocean temperature measurements is discussed in detail in the context of ocean heat content, Earth's energy imbalance, and thermosteric sea level rise. Up-to-date estimates are provided for these three important quantities. The total energy imbalance at the top of atmosphere is best assessed by taking an inventory of changes in energy storage. The main storage is in the ocean, the latest values of which are presented. Furthermore, despite differences in measurement methods and analysis techniques, multiple studies show that there has been a multidecadal increase in the heat content of both the upper and deep ocean regions, which reflects the impact of anthropogenic warming. With respect to sea level rise, mutually reinforcing information from tide gauges and radar altimetry shows that presently, sea level is rising at approximately 3mmyr(-1) with contributions from both thermal expansion and mass accumulation from ice melt. The latest data for thermal expansion sea level rise are included here and analyzed.

引用

页码：450 / 483

页数：34

共 212 条

[121] Levitus S., 2012, Data Science Journal, V11, P46, DOI 10.2481/dsj.012-014
[122] World ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level change (0-2000 m), 1955-2010
Levitus, S.
Antonov, J. I.
Boyer, T. P.
Baranova, O. K.
Garcia, H. E.
Locarnini, R. A.
Mishonov, A. V.
Reagan, J. R.
Seidov, D.
Yarosh, E. S.
Zweng, M. M.
[J]. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 2012, 39
[123] Global ocean heat content 1955-2008 in light of recently revealed instrumentation problems
Levitus, S.
Antonov, J. I.
Boyer, T. P.
Locarnini, R. A.
Garcia, H. E.
Mishonov, A. V.
[J]. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 2009, 36
[124] Warming of the world ocean, 1955-2003
Levitus, S
Antonov, J
Boyer, T
[J]. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 2005, 32 (02) : 1 - 4
[125] Lockheed Martin Sippican Inc, 2005, EXP BATH EXP SOUND V
[126] Perspectives on present-day sea level change: a tribute to Christian le Provost
Lombard, Alix
Cazenave, Anny
Le Traon, Pierre-Yves
Guinehut, Stephanie
Cabanes, Cecile
[J]. OCEAN DYNAMICS, 2006, 56 (5-6) : 445 - 451
[127] Lueck R. G., 1990, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, V7, P756, DOI 10.1175/1520-0426(1990)007<0756:TIOCCO>2.0.CO
[128] 2
[129] Estimating Annual Global Upper-Ocean Heat Content Anomalies despite Irregular In Situ Ocean Sampling
Lyman, John M.
Johnson, Gregory C.
[J]. JOURNAL OF CLIMATE, 2008, 21 (21) : 5629 - 5641
[130] Recent cooling of the upper ocean
Lyman, John M.
Willis, Josh K.
Johnson, Gregory C.
[J]. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 2006, 33 (18)

← 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 →