Taxol production in suspension cultures of Taxus baccata

The response of Taxus baccata (PC2) to basic manipulations of culture conditions is described. Suspension cultures of Taxus baccata (PC2) were maintained at 25 degrees C on a modified B5 medium with two-week transfers. Under these conditions, no taxol(R) is formed. However, if the cells are left in the same medium for 7 or more additional days, taxol is produced and released (ca. 90%) into the extracelluIar medium. Levels as high as 13 mg 1(-1) extracellular taxol were achieved in shake flask cultures and taxol was the primary taxane formed representing between 50 and 80% of total taxane in the medium. The cells are sensitive to changes in culture conditions and cultures cycle through periods of high (13 mg 1(-1)) and low (<0.1 mg 1(-1)) levels of taxol production during extended culture. Picloram was the most effective of the auxins tested with respect to cell growth but it suppressed taxol production. Addition of fructose to moderately-productive cultures (ca. 4 mg 1(-1)) improved taxol production, but cultures in a high producing state did not respond. Glucose suppressed taxane production. Two isoprenoids (geraniol and pinene) had a modest effect on taxol production when added to cultures at 10 mg 1(-1).