The indentation load-depth curve of ceramics

The pyramidal indentation-induced surface deformation of brittle ceramics is examined on the basis of extensive test results for indentation load (P)-depth (h) curves during loading/unloading cycle, A mechanically stiff test system is essential for obtaining P-h curves acceptable and reliable for subsequent analyses. Both the loading and unloading P-h curves are expressed by quadratic functions within experimental variations for all the indenters used (Vickers, Berkovich, and Knoop). The loading curve is then related to the Meyer hardness and the unloading curve to Young's modulus by the use of semiempirical equations which enable one to estimate these moduli from the observed loading/unloading parameters. An elastoplastic constitutive equation for indentation surface deformation is theoretically derived. This equation not only predicts well the experimental observations but also gains an important physical insight into the Meyer hardness. The Meyer hardness of brittle materials is not a measure for plasticity, but an elastic/plastic parameter which significantly depends on the geometry of indenter. The concept and experimental determination of "true" hardness as a characteristic material measure for plasticity are proposed.