Stimulation of ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity of the cell surface antigen CD38 by zinc ions resulting from inhibition of its NAD(+) glycohydrolase activity

The lymphocyte cell surface antigen, CD38, which has an amino acid sequence similar to Aplysia ADP-ribosyl cyclase, catalyzes not only the hydrolysis of NAD(+) and 1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)adenosine 5'-phosphate cyclic anhydride (cyclic ADP-ribose) but also the formation of cyclic ADP-ribose from NAD(+). To characterize the bifunctional enzyme properties, we produced the recombinant CD38 fused with a maltose-binding protein (MBP-CD38). Zinc ions stimulated the ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity of MBP-CD38, but inversely inhibited its NAD(+) glycohydrolase activity which was approximately 100-fold dominant to the cyclase activity in the absence of Zn2+. Such dual effects of Zn2+ were also observed in the native membrane-bound CD38 of HL-60 cells which had been caused to differentiate by retinoic acid. Zinc ions inhibited the NAD(+) glycohydrolase reaction catalyzed by MBP-CD38 in an uncompetitive manner, whereas they enhanced the ADP-ribosyl cyclase reaction without affecting the K-m value for NAD(+). There was an increase in the fluorescence intensity of a hydrophobic fluorescent probe, 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate, in the presence of MBP-CD38. The fluorescence increase was further enhanced by the addition of Zn2+ with a shift in the maximum emission wavelength from 484 nm to 470 nm, suggesting that Zn2+ caused conformational changes of MBP-CD38. These results indicate that Zn2+ directly interacts with CD38 to stimulate its ADP-ribosyl cyclase with inhibition of its NAD(+) glycohydrolase, probably due to prevention of the access of water molecule to an intermediate of the enzyme substrate complex.