First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole

被引：758

作者：

Akiyama, Kazunori ^{[1
,2
,3
,4
]}

Alberdi, Antxon ^{[5
]}

Alef, Walter ^{[6
]}

Asada, Keiichi ^{[7
]}

Azulay, Rebecca ^{[6
,8
,9
]}

Baczko, Anne-Kathrin ^{[6
]}

Ball, David ^{[10
,11
]}

Balokovic, Mislav ^{[4
,12
]}

Barrett, John ^{[2
]}

Bintley, Dan ^{[13
]}

Blackburn, Lindy ^{[4
,12
]}

Boland, Wilfred ^{[14
]}

Bouman, Katherine L. ^{[4
,12
,15
]}

Bower, Geoffrey C. ^{[16
]}

Bremer, Michael ^{[17
]}

Brinkerink, Christiaan D. ^{[18
]}

Brissenden, Roger ^{[4
,12
]}

Britzen, Silke ^{[6
]}

Broderick, Avery E. ^{[19
,20
,21
]}

Broguiere, Dominique ^{[17
]}

Bronzwaer, Thomas ^{[18
]}

Byun, Do-Young ^{[22
,23
]}

Carlstrom, John E. ^{[24
,25
,26
,27
]}

Chael, Andrew ^{[4
,12
]}

Chan, Chi-Kwan ^{[10
,11
,28
]}

Chatterjee, Shami ^{[29
]}

Chatterjee, Koushik ^{[30
]}

Chen, Ming-Tang ^{[16
]}

Chen, Yongjun ^{[31
,32
]}

Cho, Ilje ^{[22
,23
]}

Christian, Pierre ^{[10
,11
,12
]}

Conway, John E. ^{[33
]}

Cordes, James M. ^{[29
]}

Crew, Geoffrey B. ^{[2
]}

Cui, Yuzhu ^{[34
,35
]}

Davelaar, Jordy ^{[18
]}

De Laurentis, Mariafelicia ^{[36
,37
,38
]}

Deane, Roger ^{[39
,40
]}

Dempsey, Jessica ^{[13
]}

Desvignes, Gregory ^{[6
]}

Dexter, Jason ^{[41
]}

Doeleman, Sheperd S. ^{[4
,12
]}

Eatough, Ralph P. ^{[6
]}

Falcke, Heino ^{[18
]}

Fish, Vincent L. ^{[2
]}

Fomalont, Ed ^{[1
]}

Fraga-Encinas, Raquel ^{[18
]}

Freeman, William T. ^{[42
,43
]}

Friberg, Per ^{[13
]}

Fromm, Christian M. ^{[37
]}

机构：

[1] Natl Radio Astron Observ, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA

[2] MIT, Haystack Observ, 99 Millstone Rd, Westford, MA 01886 USA

[3] Natl Astron Observ Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan

[4] Harvard Univ, Black Hole Initiat, 20 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[5] CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, Glorieta Astron S-N, E-18008 Granada, Spain

[6] Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

[7] Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 11F Astron Math Bldg,AS NTU 1,Sec 4,Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan

[8] Univ Valencia, Dept Astron & Astrofis, C Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Valencia, Spain

[9] Univ Valencia, Observ Astron, C Catedratico Jose Beltran 2, E-46980 Valencia, Spain

[10] Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

[11] Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

[12] Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[13] East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA

[14] NOVA, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands

[15] CALTECH, 1200 East Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA

[16] Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 645 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA

[17] Inst Radioastron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France

[18] Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Astrophys, Inst Math Astrophys & Particle Phys, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands

[19] Perimeter Inst Theoret Phys, 31 Caroline St N, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada

[20] Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys & Astron, 200 Univ Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada

[21] Univ Waterloo, Waterloo Ctr Astrophys, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada

[22] Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daedeok Daero 776, Daejeon 34055, South Korea

[23] Univ Sci & Technol, Gajeong Ro 217, Daejeon 34113, South Korea

[24] Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[25] Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[26] Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, 5720 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[27] Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[28] Univ Arizona, Data Sci Inst, 1230 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

[29] Cornell Univ, Cornell Ctr Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA

[30] Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands

[31] Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China

[32] Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Radio Astron, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, Peoples R China

[33] Chalmers Univ Technol, Onsala Space Observ, Dept Space Earth & Environm, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden

[34] Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Oshu, Iwate 0230861, Japan

[35] Grad Univ Adv Studies SOKENDAI, Dept Astron Sci, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan

[36] Univ Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento Fis E Pancini, Compl Univ Monte S Angelo, Edificio G,Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy

[37] Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Theoret Phys, Max von Laue Str 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany

[38] Compl Univ Monte S Angelo, INFN, Sez Napoli, Edificio G,Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy

[39] Univ Pretoria, Dept Phys, Lynnwood Rd, ZA-0083 Pretoria, South Africa

[40] Rhodes Univ, Dept Phys & Elect, Ctr Radio Astron Tech & Technol, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa

[41] Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, Giessenbachstr 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany

[42] MIT, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, 32-D476,77 Massachussetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA

[43] Google Res, 355 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA

[44] Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[45] Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[46] Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA

[47] Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, 1002 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA

[48] Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ Allegro, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands

[49] Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Res Galaxies & Cosmol, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China

[50] Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, NOVA Sub Mm Instrumentat Grp, Landleven 12, NL-9747 AD Groningen, Netherlands

来源：

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS | 2019年 / 875卷 / 01期

基金：

日本学术振兴会; 新加坡国家研究基金会; 美国国家航空航天局; 美国国家科学基金会; 欧盟地平线“2020”; 芬兰科学院; 俄罗斯科学基金会; 欧洲研究理事会; 瑞典研究理事会; 加拿大自然科学与工程研究理事会;

关键词：

black hole physics; galaxies: individual (M87); galaxies: jets; techniques: high angular resolution; techniques: image processing; techniques: interferometric; SELF-CALIBRATION; HIGH-RESOLUTION; JET; INTERFEROMETRY; RECONSTRUCTION; IMPLEMENTATION; DECONVOLUTION; PRINCIPLES; MOTION;

D O I：

10.3847/2041-8213/ab0e85

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) images of M87, using observations from April 2017 at 1.3 mm wavelength. These images show a prominent ring with a diameter of similar to 40 mu as, consistent with the size and shape of the lensed photon orbit encircling the "shadow" of a supermassive black hole. The ring is persistent across four observing nights and shows enhanced brightness in the south. To assess the reliability of these results, we implemented a two-stage imaging procedure. In the first stage, four teams, each blind to the others' work, produced images of M87 using both an established method (CLEAN) and a newer technique (regularized maximum likelihood). This stage allowed us to avoid shared human bias and to assess common features among independent reconstructions. In the second stage, we reconstructed synthetic data from a large survey of imaging parameters and then compared the results with the corresponding ground truth images. This stage allowed us to select parameters objectively to use when reconstructing images of M87. Across all tests in both stages, the ring diameter and asymmetry remained stable, insensitive to the choice of imaging technique. We describe the EHT imaging procedures, the primary image features in M87, and the dependence of these features on imaging assumptions.

引用

页数：52

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