To gain insight into the role of prostanoids in human kidney function, we examined the distribution of cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and COX-2 by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry in human kidneys from adults of various age groups. COX-1 was detected in the collecting ducts, thin loops of Henle and portions of the renal vasculature, COX-2 was detected in the renal vasculature, medullary interstitial cells, and the macula densa, In addition, COX-2 immunoreactivity was noted in afferent arteries and the macula densa of the renal cortex and was more evident in the kidneys of older adults. (C) 1999 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.