ACE4k:: An analog I/O 64 x 64 visual microprocessor chip with 7-bit analog accuracy

This paper describes a full-custom mixed-signal chip which embeds distributed optical signal acquisition, digitally-programmable analog parallel processing, and distributed image memory cache on a common silicon substrate. This chip, designed in a 0.5 mum standard CMOS technology contains around 1.000.000 transistors, of which operate in analog mode; it is hence one the most complex mixed-signal chip reported to now. Chip functional features are: local interactions, spatial-invariant array architecture; programmable local interactions among cells; randomly-selectable memory of instructions (elementary instructions are defined by specific values of the cell local interactions); random storage/retrieval of intermediate images; capability to complete algorithmic image processing tasks controlled by the user-selected stored instructions and interacting with the cache memory, etc. Thus, as illustrated in this paper, the chip is capable to complete complex spatio-temporal image processing tasks within short computation time ( < 300 ns for linear convolutions) and using a low power budget ( < 1.2 W for the complete chip). The internal circuitry of the chip has been designed to operate in robust manner with > 7-bits equivalent accuracy in the internal analog operations, which has been confirmed by experimental measurements. Such 7-bits accuracy is enough for most image processing applications. ACE4k has been demonstrated capable to implement up to 30 templatesigma-either directly or through template decomposition. This means the 100% of the 3 x 3 linear templates reported in Roska et al. 1998, [1]. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.