Inflammatory mediators of uveitis: cytokines and chemokines

Purpose of review The study of uveitis has been restricted by the difficulty in obtaining sufficient intraocular material from both human disease and experimental models. Recent developments in cytokine and chemokine detection have overcome many of these problems. This review presents a summary of the technologic advances in this area. Recent findings Recent advances in cytokine analysis, in particular multiplexed bead immunoassays, have allowed the measurement of an extensive array of cytokines and chemokines from very small sample volumes. This has revolutionized uveitis research, enabling measurement of a large profile of cytokines and chemokines in intraocular fluid, such as aqueous humour. This allows us to recognize complex patterns of cytokines and chemokines from different forms of uveitis and to examine relationships between different molecules. Summary The spectrum of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines known to be implicated in uveitis has increased over recent years. Many of these molecules have also been found in experimental models of disease and may represent attractive therapeutic targets for the future. With recent advances in cytokine detection, an extension of these techniques with a more detailed analysis of different uveitis conditions may provide useful diagnostic and prognostic information for this potentially blinding group of diseases.