Regulation of Wnt signaling by sox proteins:: XSox17α/β and XSox3 physically interact with β-catenin

Using a functional screen in Xenopus embryos, we identified a novel function for the HMG box protein XSox17 beta. Ectopic expression of XSox17 beta ventralizes embryos by inhibiting the Wnt pathway downstream of beta-catenin but upstream of the Wnt-responsive gene Siamois. XSox17 beta also represses transactivation of a TCF/LEF-dependent reporter construct by Wnt and beta-catenin. In animal cap experiments, it both activates transcription of endodermal genes and represses beta-catenin-stimulated expression of dorsal genes. The inhibition activity of XSox17 beta maps to a region C-terminal to the HMG box; this region of XSox17 beta physically interacts with the Armadillo repeats of beta-catenin. Two additional Sox proteins, XSox17 alpha and XSox3, likewise bind to beta-catenin and inhibit its TCF-mediated signaling activity. These results reveal an unexpected mechanism by which Sox proteins can modulate Wnt signaling pathways.