Three-dimensional modeling of concrete structures .2. Reinforced concrete

A three-dimensional (3D) model for finite-element (FE) analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) based on smeared cracking approach is presented. The constitutive model for plain concrete has been presented and verified in a companion paper; a simple hypoelastic formulation with modification to approximate the postpeak behavior in compression is used. The postcracking model is based on the fracture energy concept with particular emphasis on mesh objectivity through automatic generation of crack band widths using 20-noded solid isoparametric elements. A distinct feature of the present RC model is the inclusion of bond-slip in the context of embedded representation of reinforcement in 3D, which has been verified by analyzing a RC bar under uniaxial tension. Additional analyses of test specimens including a beam-column-slab assembly are presented to evaluate the merits of the current formulation in 3D applications.