Carbon materials - Structure, texture and intercalation

Carbon materials are known to have wide ranges of structure, texture and properties, and, as a consequence of this diversity, to have wide applications. Into these carbon materials, various atoms, ions and molecules have been intercalated, resulting in certain modification of properties, and new fields of science, technology and applications have been created. In the present paper, the diversity in carbon materials is explained by emphasizing the wide range of texture in nanometre scale, which is based on the preferred orientation of hexagonal carbon layers. The intercalation reactions into these carbon materials are discussed in relation to their structure and texture.