Is preoperative ketorolac a useful adjunct to regional anesthesia for inguinal herniorrhaphy?

Background: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have become a popular component of analgesia regimens, particularly in combination with narcotics. We questioned whether there might also be a place for their use in conjunction with regional anesthesia and whether there was a preferable route for NSAID administration. Methods: Ilioinguinal and field blocks were performed preoperatively on seventy patients undergoing outpatient inguinal hernia repair. Patients were divided into a control group who received no ketorolac and four study groups who received a preoperative dose of 30 mg ketorolac by one of the following routes: IV, IM, PO, or intrawound (IW). The ketorolac in the Mi group was mixed in the syringe with the local anesthetic used for the field block. IV and IM groups also received ketorolac at the time of the preoperative regional anesthesia and the PO group received the dose at least one hour preoperatively. All patients received a similar general anesthetic intraoperatively. Results: Postoperative pain scores and analgesic requirements were lowest for the IM, IV, and IW groups. Pain scores and analgesic requirements for the PO group were less than for the control group but more than for the other three groups. Analgesic efficacy therefore ranked: IM=IV=IW>PO>Control. Though no differences were found between groups in the time to discharge from the recovery room, the ease of nursing care paralleled the findings for pain scores and analgesia requirements. Conclusion: Beyond the analgesia provided by the regional anesthesia of the ilioinguinal and field blocks, the preoperative use of ketorolac further reduced postoperative pain scores and the need for additional postoperative analgesic medication. Comparable outcomes for the IV, IM, and IW groups indicate the lack of any benefit to concentrating the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug at the wound (IW) or to achieving high blood levels rapidly (IV). In conclusion, ketorolac is a useful supplement to ilioinguinal plus field block regional anesthesia for hernia surgery and is most effective administered parenterally.