Molecular Interactions between the Specialist Herbivore Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera, Sphigidae) and Its Natural Host Nicotiana attenuata. VIII. An Unbiased GCxGC-ToFMS Analysis of the Plant's Elicited Volatile Emissions

被引:82
作者
Gaquerel, Emmanuel [1 ]
Weinhold, Alexander [1 ]
Baldwin, Ian T. [1 ]
机构
[1] Max Planck Inst Chem Ecol, Dept Mol Ecol, D-07745 Jena, Germany
关键词
PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS; FLIGHT MASS-SPECTROMETRY; DIFFERENT FEEDING-HABITS; GREEN LEAF VOLATILES; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; COTESIA-MARGINIVENTRIS; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; HYDROPEROXIDE LYASE; INDIRECT DEFENSE; BEAN-LEAVES;
D O I
10.1104/pp.108.130799
中图分类号
Q94 [植物学];
学科分类号
071001 ;
摘要
Treating wounds in Nicotiana attenuata leaves with Manduca sexta oral secretions (W+OS) mimics most changes elicited by M. sexta herbivory, but an unbiased analysis of the effect of the different OS constituents on volatile emissions is lacking. We used two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight (GCxGC-ToF) mass spectrometry combined with multivariate statistics to parse volatiles into regulatory patterns. Volatiles released by wounding alone and by the alkalinity of OS were assessed by applying a buffer known to mimic the pH-mediated changes of OS elicitation (pectin methyl esterase activation and methanol release). The activities of fatty acid amino acid conjugates, well-known elicitors of antiherbivore defenses, and of 2-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid, a newly discovered signal in OS, were determined. Approximately 400 analytes were detected after deconvolution and alignment of GCxGC data; 35 volatiles were significantly regulated upon W+OS. Two-thirds of these were specifically regulated by OS, being either amplified (most terpenoids and certain hexenylesters) or strongly repressed (many short-chain alcohols and some aromatic and hexenylester derivatives). Fatty acid amino acid conjugates played a central role in this pattern of regulation, since they induced the emission of half of OS-elicited volatiles and inhibited the production of almost all OS-repressed volatiles; 2-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid influenced emission of trans-a-bergamotene, while other unknown OS constituents amplified hexenylester production. We conclude that the complex bouquet of herbivory-elicited volatiles results from the complex modulations of the wound response by diverse cues found in OS. This work also underscores the value of ultra-high-resolution GCxGC-ToF analysis combined with the nontargeted mining of the resulting data.
引用
收藏
页码:1408 / 1423
页数:16
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