A longitudinal evaluation of bronchial responsiveness to methacholine in children: Role of baseline lung function, gender, and change in atopic status

A longitudinal study was done to evaluate the determinants of bronchial responsiveness (BR) to methacholine in children and adolescents. A cohort of 892 7- to 11-yr-old schoolchildren was restudied after a 3.5-yr interval. The same protocol for methacholine challenge (up to 64.0 mg/ml) and skin prick testing was employed at both the baseline survey and follow-up. An overall decline in the level of BR was observed, the geometric mean slope (percent decline in FEV(1) per mg/ml of methacholine) decreasing from 0.68 (95% CI = 0.61 to 0.75) to 0.51 (95% CI = 0.46 to 0.57) (p < 0.001). At both surveys, the strongest determinants of slope were baseline pulmonary function level (FEF(25-75)) and degree of atopic status. After adjusting for log FEF(25-75), no gender difference was found in the first survey, whereas girls had greater BR than boys at follow-up. Longitudinal changes in skin prick test reactivity were associated with the BR level. Subjects in whom an initially positive skin prick test became negative (5.3%) had an increased slope at baseline but a follow-up slope similar to that of never skin-reactors. Conversely, those whose skin prick test converted from negative to positive (13.0%) had a slope similar to that of never-reactors at baseline but became stronger responders to methacholine than never-reactors at follow-up. Finally, responsiveness was highest in the presence of persistently positive skin prick testing (13.5%). In conclusion, BR declines from childhood to adolescence, paralleling the increase in lung function during this period; the decline is less pronounced in females. Changes in atopic status are associated with modifications in the BR level.