Ultrastructural analysis of TiO2 nanotubes with photodecomposition of water into O2 and H2 implanted in the nude mouse

To analyze the biocompatibility and O-2 generation of TiO2 nanotubes via photodecomposition of water into O-2 and H-2 in vivo, samples were implanted under the inguinal. skin of the nude mouse. Venous oxygen saturation (SvO(2)) of the inguinal. skin over the implanted region was measured with a tissue oximeter and the ultrastructures were examined with an electron microscope. Four weeks after the implantation, SvO(2) of the inguinal skin of the groups with TiO2 nanotubes was 30-40% higher than that of the opposite control region (54%). SvO(2) of the other groups, comprising splenic autografts, fetal cardiac tissue transplantation and surgical procedure without TiO2 nanotubes, was roughly the same as that of controls. Ultrastructurally, TiO2 nanotubes were phagocytized by the macrophage and promoted filament formation in its cytoplasm. Neither death of the cell nor destruction of the tissue was recognized. These findings indicate excellent biocompatibility and O-2 generation of TiO2 nanotubes in vivo. (c) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. AIL rights reserved.