Metacognition Defining Its Facets and Levels of Functioning in Relation to Self-Regulation and Co-regulation

Research in the field of metacognition, a multifaceted phenomenon, is in the main fragmented without much theoretical integration of the findings related to its various facets. Moreover, metacognition is usually conceived of as an individual and conscious process that serves the regulation of cognition. However, there is growing evidence that metacognition also functions at a nonconscious level, is involved in the co-regulation of cognition in collaborative settings, and interacts with affect in the self-regulation of behavior. Based on these considerations, a multifaceted and multilevel model of metacognition is proposed that broadens Nelson and Naren's conceptualization of metacognition. The implications for theory and measurement of metacognition as well as for interventions involving metacognition are explored.