Incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among Sardinian-heritage children born in Lazio region, Italy

Background The relative importance of genetic and environmental factors in causing insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is unknown. We studied this question by assessing the incidence of the disease in children, born in a region with a low incidence of IDDM (Lazio), but whose parents came from a region with high incidence (Sardinia). Methods We identified all IDDM cases that occurred between 1989 and 1994. We used as the denominator the number of children aged 0-14 born in Lazio of Sardinian parents to calculate incidence. We compared this rate with the incidences of IDDM in the populations of Lazio and Sardinia. Findings The age-adjusted incidence of IDDM in Sardinian-heritage children born and living in Lazio was 33.8 per 100 000 per year (95% CI 7.0-99.0) for those with two Sardinian parents, and 15.9 (8.7-26.6) for those with only one parent from Sardinia. The former incidence was not different from that recorded in Sardinia (34.4, 31.3-37.9), but was fourfold that of Lazio-heritage children (7.9, 7.1-8.8). Interpretation Our results show that two different ethnic groups living in the same region have a fourfold difference in incidence of IDDM. Children of Sardinian-heritage born in Lazio have the same incidence as the population of origin, which is genetically prone to the disease. Moreover, children with one Sardinian parent had a rate half that of Sardinians and double that of the indigenous population. We conclude that in a given population genetic susceptibility determines the frequency of IDDM in response to the environmental challenge.