Interaction of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomers and surface treatment studies

The interaction between high surface area nano-carbon catalyst supports for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and perfluorinated sulfonic acid (Nafion (R)) ionomer was studied 19 fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (F-19-NMR). The method was developed and improved for more efficient, user-friendly and systematic studies based on our earlier experience. In this work, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) from Showa Denko (R) and the corresponding acid modified products were explored. The adsorption at low concentration was found to follow a Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption equilibrium constant (K-eq.) and maximum surface coverage (Gamma(max)) were determined based on the model. In general, the ionomer showed stronger adsorption for MWCNTs (K-eq. = 21 - 377 depending on treatment) comparing to Vulcan (K-eq. = 18), and slightly lower monolayer coverage. The interaction was found to be strongly affected by surface composition, morphology, porosity and oxygen containing functional groups, which are varied with purification and functionalization treatments. The modification of the surface properties was also studied with HR-TEM, BET, porosity measurement, EDXS, XPS, Raman and TG. The results will contribute to optimize electrode preparation with novel nano-carbon catalyst supports and durable catalyst for low temperature (LT) PEMFCs. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.