Exaptation of Transposable Elements into Novel Cis-Regulatory Elements: Is the Evidence Always Strong?

被引:122
作者
de Souza, Flavio S. J. [1 ,2 ]
Franchini, Lucia F. [1 ]
Rubinstein, Marcelo [1 ,2 ]
机构
[1] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Inst Invest Ingn Genet & Biol Mol, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
[2] Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Fisiol Biol Mol & Celular, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
关键词
exaptation; enhancer; mobile element; gene expression; HUMAN ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUS; JUNK DNA; APOLIPOPROTEIN(A) GENE; CONVERGENT EVOLUTION; PURIFYING SELECTION; NEURONAL ENHANCERS; CORE-SINES; IDENTIFICATION; GENOME; EXPRESSION;
D O I
10.1093/molbev/mst045
中图分类号
Q5 [生物化学]; Q7 [分子生物学];
学科分类号
071010 ; 081704 ;
摘要
Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic sequences that can jump around the genome from one location to another, behaving as genomic parasites. TEs have been particularly effective in colonizing mammalian genomes, and such heavy TE load is expected to have conditioned genome evolution. Indeed, studies conducted both at the gene and genome levels have uncovered TE insertions that seem to have been co-opted-or exapted-by providing transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) that serve as promoters and enhancers, leading to the hypothesis that TE exaptation is a major factor in the evolution of gene regulation. Here, we critically review the evidence for exaptation of TE-derived sequences as TFBSs, promoters, enhancers, and silencers/insulators both at the gene and genome levels. We classify the functional impact attributed to TE insertions into four categories of increasing complexity and argue that so far very few studies have conclusively demonstrated exaptation of TEs as transcriptional regulatory regions. We also contend that many genome-wide studies dealing with TE exaptation in recent lineages of mammals are still inconclusive and that the hypothesis of rapid transcriptional regulatory rewiring mediated by TE mobilization must be taken with caution. Finally, we suggest experimental approaches that may help attributing higher-order functions to candidate exapted TEs.
引用
收藏
页码:1239 / 1251
页数:13
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