Prolactin regulates antitumor immune response through induction of tumoricidal macrophages and release of IL-12

The involvement of PRL in regulating monocyte/macrophage functions is suggested by the presence of PRL-Rs in a cells. Here, we show that PRL, though it failed to activate mouse peritoneal resident macrophages (RMs), acted as a second signal and activated mouse peritoneal inflammatory macrophages (EMs) to a tumoricidal state. The cytotoxicity of mouse tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) isolated at day 1 of tumor (Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, EAC) growth was enhanced by PRL. However, with progression of tumor growth, TAMs became nonresponsive to the hormone. PRL-induced killing of P815 target cells by EMs and TAMs was independent of TNF but correlated with the hormone-induced augmentation of NO2- and O-2 release in these macrophages. Administration of PRL in vivo inhibited EAC growth and augmented NO2- release by TAMs. PRL synergized with the TH1 cytokine IFN-gamma a known activator of macrophages, in inducing tumor killing and release of NO2- from EMs and TAMs. The hormone might activate macrophages at least partially, through the release of IFN-gamma as anti-IFN-gamma blocked IFN-gamma- as well as PRL-induced cytotoxicity in EMs. The TH2 cytokine IL-4 suppressed PRL-induced activation of macrophages. PRL induced release of IL-12 from EMs also, which suggested that the hormone might drive the TH1 response through IL-12. Our observations further suggest that PRL alone and in synergy with IFN-gamma, released through induction of IL-12, may generate tumoricidal macrophages and thus regulate the antitumor immune response of tumor hosts. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.