Update on advanced surgical techniques in the treatment of traumatic focal articular cartilage lesions in the knee

Considerable interest has been developed over the past several years in expanding the treatment of symptomatic femoral condylar articular cartilage lesions in active patients. Multiple surgical techniques have been reported and evolving technologies, equipment and approaches continue to expand. The purpose of this paper is to review the presentation of focal articular cartilage lesions including treatment indications, current surgical options and postoperative protocols emphasizing advanced techniques used to preserve or restore hyaline cartilage tissue. The various surgical options are discussed and the advantages and disadvantages are reviewed and highlighted in a clinical practice guideline algorithm.