Screening for intracranial stenosis with transcranial Doppler: The accuracy of mean flow velocity thresholds

Background. Patients with 50% intracranial arterial stenosis may require more intensive therapies for stroke prevention. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is a convenient noninvasive screen for intracranial stenosis. The accuracy of different mean flow velocity (MFV) thresholds for determining the degree of stenosis remains uncertain. Methods. The authors prospectively compared the accuracy of TCD criteria and MFV thresholds to magnetic resonance, computed tomography, and digital subtraction angiography in patients with symptoms of recent or remote stroke or transient ischemic attack. Stenosis on angiography was measured as 0%, <50%, or :50% diameter reduction. Results. Of 136 consecutive patients, 33 (24%) had distal internal carotid artery (ICA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), posterior cerebral artery, or basilar artery stenosis on angiography (14 patients [10%] were excluded due to incomplete TCD examinations, mainly from a lack of temporal windows). TCD showed 31 true-positive, 9 false-positive, 2 false-negative, and 94 true-negative studies. For all vessels, TCD had a sensitivity of 93.9% (confidence interval [CI] = 89%-98%), a specificity of 91.2% (CI = 87%-96%), a positive predictive value (PPV) of 77.5%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 97.9%, The trade-off in sensitivity and specificity for MCA MFV thresholds was as follows: MFV greater than or equal to 80 cm/s had a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 96.9% (CI = 94%-99%), a PPV of 84%, and an NPV of 100%. MFV greater than or equal to 100 cm/s had a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 97.9% (CI = 96%-99%), a PPV of 88.8%, and an NPV of 94.9%. MFV greater than or equal to 120 cm/s had a sensitivity of 68.7% (CI = 61%-78%), a specificity of 100%, a PPV of 100%, and an NPV of 94.9%, Reasons for false positive findings include collateralization of flow in the presence proximal ICA stenosis and prestenotic to stenotic MCA velocity ratios of 1:less than or equal to2. Conclusion. TCD is both sensitive and specific in identifying greater than or equal to50% intracranial arterial stenosis. A MFV threshold cutoff of 100 cm/s has an optimal sensitivity and specificity trade-off for greater than or equal to50% MCA stenosis. To help avoid false-positive results, a prestenotic to stenotic MCA velocity ratio of 1:greater than or equal to2 should be used in addition to the MFV threshold.