Semi-natural and intensive silvicultural systems for the boreal mixedwood forest

Boreal mixedwood forests of aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca) are found on mesic sites in the western boreal forest. In the natural development of mixedwood stands, aspen is usually the first species to dominate the site. However, depending upon spruce seed sources and seedbeds, spruce can establish immediately after disturbance or in the next several decades. In most cases, spruce grow in the understory of deciduous species during its early development. If there are no spruce seed sources, aspen may be the sole tree species for a long period. In most circumstances, however, the longer-lived and taller white spruce eventually becomes the dominant species. If stands remain undisturbed for long periods, they will likely become uneven-aged mixtures of spruce and balsam fir (Abies balsamea). We propose silvicultural systems that will develop stands of a range of compositions, structures and value. As a starting point, we identify eight different mixedwood compositions that might be identified in stand inventories, and propose various silvicultural treatments, including underplanting of white spruce, understory protection, shelterwood, and uneven-aged management. Fundamental changes in land tenure and silvicultural regulations, and improvements in estimation of growth and yield will be required before this range of management of mixedwoods can be implemented.