Protein-structure prediction by recombination of fragments

The field of protein-structure prediction has been revolutionized by the application of "mix-and-match" methods both in template-based homology modeling and in template-free de novo folding. Consensus analysis and recombination of fragments copied from known protein structures is currently the only approach that allows the building of models that are closer to the native structure of the target protein than the structure of its closest homologue. It is also the most successful approach in cases in which the target protein exhibits a novel three-dimensional fold. This review summarizes the recent developments in both template-based and template-free protein structure modeling and compares the available methods for protein-structure prediction by recombination of fragments. A convergence between the "protein folding" and "protein evolution" schools of thought is postulated.