Rejection Elicits Emotional Reactions but Neither Causes Immediate Distress nor Lowers Self-Esteem: A Meta-Analytic Review of 192 Studies on Social Exclusion

被引:324
作者
Blackhart, Ginette C. [1 ]
Nelson, Brian C.
Knowles, Megan L. [2 ]
Baumeister, Roy F. [3 ]
机构
[1] E Tennessee State Univ, Dept Psychol, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
[2] Franklin & Marshall Coll, Lancaster, PA 17604 USA
[3] Florida State Univ, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
关键词
meta-analysis; social rejection; ostracism; self-esteem; affect; PEER REJECTION; BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS; DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS; ELEMENTARY-SCHOOL; CUED ACTIVATION; NEGATIVE AFFECT; PHYSICAL PAIN; ACCEPTANCE; AGGRESSION; OSTRACISM;
D O I
10.1177/1088868309346065
中图分类号
B84 [心理学];
学科分类号
04 ; 0402 ;
摘要
Competing predictions about the effect of social exclusion were tested by meta-analyzing findings from studies of interpersonal rejection, ostracism, and similar procedures. Rejection appears to cause a significant shift toward a more negative emotional state. Typically, however, the result was an emotionally neutral state marked by low levels of both positive and negative affect. Acceptance caused a slight increase in positive mood and a moderate increase in self-esteem. Self-esteem among rejected persons was no different from neutral controls. These findings are discussed in terms of belongingness motivation, sociometer theory, affective numbing, and self-esteem defenses.
引用
收藏
页码:269 / 309
页数:41
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