ATF3 inhibits adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells

ATF3 is a stress-adaptive gene that regulates proliferation or apoptosis under stress conditions. However, the role of ATF3 is unknown in adipocyte cells. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the functional role of ATF3 in adipocytes. Both lentivirus-mediated overexpression of ATF3 and stably-overexpressed ATF3 inhibited adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells, as revealed by decreased lipid staining with oil red staining and reduction in adipogenic genes. Thapsigargin treatment and overexpression of ATF3 decreased C/EBP alpha transcript and repressed the activity of the 3.6-kb mouse C/EBP alpha promoter, demonstrating that ATF3 downregulates C/EBP alpha expression. Transfection studies using mutant constructs containing 5'-deletions in the C/EBP alpha promoter revealed that a putative ATF/CRE element, GGATGTCA, is located between -1921 and -1914. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that ATF3 directly binds to mouse C/EBP alpha promoter spanning from -1928 to -1907. Both chemical hypoxia-mimetics or physical hypoxia led to reduce the C/EBP alpha mRNA and repress the promoter activity of the C/EBP alpha gene, whereas increase ATF3 mRNA, suggesting that ATF3 may contribute to the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation in hypoxia through downregulation of C/EBP alpha expression. Collectively, these results demonstrate that ATF3 represses the C/EBP alpha gene, resulting in inhibition of adipocyte differentiation, and thus plays a role in hypoxia-mediated inhibition of adipocyte differentiation. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.