Biomineralized poly (L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-tussah silk fibroin nanofiber fabric with hierarchical architecture as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering

In bone tissue engineering, the fabrication of a scaffold with a hierarchical architecture, excellent mechanical properties, and good biocompatibility remains a challenge. Here, a solution of polylactic acid (PLA) and Tussah silk fibroin (TSF) was electrospun into nanofiber yarns and woven into multilayer fabrics. Then, composite scaffolds were obtained by mineralization in simulated body fluid (SBF) using the multilayer fabrics as a template. The structure and related properties of the composite scaffolds were characterized using different techniques. PLA/TSF (mass ratio, 9:1) nanofiber yarns with uniform diameters of 72 +/- 9 mu m were obtained by conjugated electrospinning; the presence of 10 wt% TSF accelerated the nucleation and growth of hydroxyapatite on the surface of the composite scaffolds in SBF. Furthermore, the compressive mechanical properties of the PLA/TSF multilayer nanofiber fabrics were improved after mineralization; the compressive modulus and stress of the mineralized composite scaffolds were 32.8 and 3.0 times higher than that of the composite scaffolds without mineralization, respectively. Interestingly, these values were higher than those of scaffolds containing random nanofibers. Biological assay results showed that the mineralization and multilayer fabric structure of the composite nanofiber scaffolds significantly increased cell adhesion and proliferation and enhanced the mesenchymal stem cell differentiation toward osteoblasts. Our results indicated that the mineralized nanofiber scaffolds with multilayer fabrics possessed excellent cytocompatibility and good osteogenic activity, making them versatile biocompatible scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.