Organizational spontaneity in context

This article suggests that our understanding of extra-role behaviors such as organizational spontaneity may be enhanced by considering the context in which these behaviors occur. The context may provide individuals with either opportunities to engage in forms of organizational spontaneity or constraints against performing these behaviors. Proposed contextual influences at the individual level of analysis include skill level, self-efficacy, role definitions, interpersonal relationships, and help-seeking behavior. Proposed contextual influences at the group level of analysis are group norms, interdependence, and goals. Proposed contextual influences at the organizational level of analysis include organizational structure, culture, company policies, and reward systems. Lastly, proposed contextual influences at the interorganizational level of analysis include the isomorphic forces that result in organizations becoming more similar to each other over time. Implications of this analysis for future theorizing and research are discussed.