Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase 2 expression in colon cells by the chemopreventive agent curcumin involves inhibition of NF-κB activation via the NIK/IKK signalling complex

Colorectal cancer is a major cause of cancer deaths in Western countries, but epidemiological data suggest that dietary modification might reduce these by as much as 90%. Cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX2), an inducible isoform of prostaglandin H synthase, which mediates prostaglandin synthesis during inflammation, and which is selectively overexpressed in colon tumours, is thought to play an important role in colon carcinogenesis. Curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, possesses potent anti-inflammatory activity and prevents colon cancer in animal models. However, its mechanism of action is not fully understood. We found that in human colon epithelial cells, curcumin inhibits COX2 induction by the colon tumour promoters, tumour necrosis factor a or fecapentaene-12. Induction of COX2 by inflammatory cytokines or hypoxia-induced oxidative stress can be mediated by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B). Since curcumin inhibits NF-kappa B activation, we examined whether its chemopreventive activity is related to modulation of the signalling pathway which regulates the stability of the NF-kappa B-sequestering protein, I kappa B, Recently components of this pathway, NF-kappa B-inducing kinase and I kappa B kinases, IKK alpha and beta, which phosphorylate I kappa B to release NF-kappa B, have been characterised, Curcumin prevents phosphorylation of I kappa B by inhibiting the activity of the IKKs, This property, together with a long history of consumption without adverse health effects, makes curcumin an important candidate for consideration in colon cancer prevention.