Effects of silicon supply on apoplastic manganese concentrations in leaves and their relation to manganese tolerance in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

The effects of silicon (Si) supply on manganese (Mn) toxicity symptoms and Mn and Si concentrations in the leaf apoplast in a Mn-sensitive cowpea cultivar (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. TVu 91) were investigated in solution culture experiments. When 1.44 mM Si was supplied concurrently with 50 muM Mn, the Mn toxicity symptoms were clearly avoided without decreasing the total Mn concentration. On the other hand, the symptoms were not completely alleviated when the plants were pretreated with 1.44 mM Si and then exposed to 50 muM Mn without concurrent Si supply. Plants of both of these treatments exhibited lower Mn concentrations in the apoplastic washing fluids but higher amounts of adsorbed Mn on the cell walls than the plants treated with 50 muM Mn without Si supply. However, the difference in Mn concentration between plants with continuous and interrupted Si supply was not significant. Moreover, the Mn concentration in the apoplastic washing fluids of the plants with continuous supply of 1.44 mM Si and 50 muM Mn and not showing Mn toxicity symptoms was higher than that of the plants grown at 10 muM Mn without Si supply which showed distinct Mn toxicity symptoms. These results show that Si supply alleviates Mn toxicity not only by decreasing the concentration of soluble apoplastic Mn through the enhanced adsorption of Mn on the cell walls. A role of the soluble Si in the apoplast in the detoxicification of apoplastic Mn is indicated.