Overview of a rational approach to design type I 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors without estrogenic activity:: Chemical synthesis and biological evaluation

Hormone-sensitive diseases such as breast cancer are health problems of major importance in North America and Europe. Endocrine therapies using antiestrogens for the treatment and the prevention of breast cancer are presently under clinical trials. Antiestrogens are drugs that compete with estrogens for the estrogen receptor without activating the transcription of estrogen-sensitive genes. However, an optimal blockade of estrogen action could ideally be achieved by a dual-action compound that would antagonize the estrogen receptor and inhibit the biosynthesis of estradiol. Type I 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 beta-HSD) was chosen as a key steroidogenic target enzyme to inhibit the formation of estradiol, which is the most potent estrogen. This article describes a rational approach that could lead to the development of compounds that exhibit both actions. The chemical syntheses of estradiol derivatives bearing a bromoalkyl and a bromoalkylamide side chain at the 16 alpha-position are summarized. Two parameters were studied for biological evaluation of our synthetic inhibitors: (1) the inhibition of estrone reduction into estradiol by type I 17 beta-HSD, and (2) the proliferative/antiproliferative cell assays performed on the estrogen-sensitive ZR-75-1 breast tumor cell Line. First, the substitution of the 16 alpha-position of estradiol by bromoalkyl side chain led to potent inhibitors of type I 17 beta-HSD, but the estrogenic activity remained. Secondly, an alkylamide functionality at the 16 alpha- or 7 alpha-position of estradiol cannot abolish the estrogenic activity without affecting considerably the inhibitory potency on type I 17 beta-HSD. In conclusion, the best dual-action inhibitor synthesized showed an IC50 of 13 +/- 1 mu M for type I 17 beta-HSD, while displaying antiestrogenic activity at 1.0 mu M. Despite the fact that we did not obtain an ideal dual-action blocker, we have optimized several structural parameters providing important structure-activity relationship. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.