Structure-function analysis of the active site tunnel of yeast RNA triphosphatase

Cet1, the RNA triphosphatase component of the yeast mRNA capping apparatus, catalyzes metal-dependent gamma phosphate hydrolysis within the hydrophilic interior of a topologically closed 8-strand beta barrel (the "triphosphate tunnel"). We used structure-guided alanine scanning to identify 6 side chains within the triphosphate tunnel that are essential for phosphohydrolase activity in vitro and in vivo: Arg(393), Glu(433), Arg(458), Arg(469), Asp(471) and Thr(473). Alanine substitutions at two positions, Asp(377) and Lys(409), resulted in partial catalytic defects and a thermosensitive growth phenotype, Structure-function relationships were clarified by introducing conservative substitutions. Five residues were found to be nonessential: Lys(309), Ser(395), Asp(397), Lys(427), Asn(431), and Lys(474). The present findings, together with earlier mutational analyses, reveal an unusually complex active site in which 15 individual side chains in the tunnel cavity are important for catalysis, and each of the S strands of the beta barrel contributes at least one functional constituent. The active site residues fall into three classes: (i) those that participate directly in catalysis via coordination of the gamma phosphate or the metal; (ii) those that make critical water-mediated contacts with the gamma phosphate or the metal; and (iii) those that function indirectly via interactions with other essential side chains or by stabilization of the tunnel structure.