The amyloid β peptide (Aβ1-40) is thermodynamically soluble at physiological concentrations

Precipitation of the 39-43-residue amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) is a crucial factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In normal as well as in AD-afflicted brain, the Abeta concentration is estimated to be a few nanomolar. Here we show that Abeta(1-40) precipitates in vitro only if the dissolved concentration is > 14 muM. Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, we further show that the precipitation is complete in 1 day, after which the size distribution of Abeta monomer/oligomers in the solution phase becomes stationary in time and independent of the starting Abeta concentration. Mass spectra confirm that both the solution phase and the coexisting precipitate contain chemically identical Abeta molecules. Incubation at 68 degreesC for 1 h reduces the solubility by <12%. Together, these results show that the thermodynamic saturation concentration (C-sat) of Abeta(1-40) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4 has a well-defined lower limit of 15.5 +/- 1 muM. Divalent metal ions (believed to play a role in AD) at near-saturation concentrations in PBS reduce Gat only marginally (2 mM Mg2+ by 6%, 2.5 muM Ca2+ by 7%, and 4 muM Zn2+ by 11%). Given that no precipitation is possible at concentrations below Csat, we infer that coprecipitant(s), and not properties of Abeta(1-40) alone, are key factors in the in vivo aggregation of Abeta.