Sex differences in development of morphine tolerance and dependence in the rat

Rationale: Several investigators have shown that male rodents are more sensitive than females to morphine's antinociceptive effects. Objective: The present study was conducted to determine whether this sex difference is stable after chronic morphine treatment. Results: Acutely administered morphine produced significantly greater hotplate and tail withdrawal antinociception in males than in females. In contrast, there were no sex differences in morphine's hotplate or tail withdrawal effects under repeated (l-week interval) dosing conditions. In a separate group of rats, after 2 weeks of twice-daily morphine treatment (10-20 mg/kg per injection), the ED,, for morphine's antinociceptive effects increased approximately 6.9-fold in males versus only 3.7-fold in females; chronic morphine treatment also disrupted the estrous cycle of females. In a separate group of rats treated with 10 mg/kg morphine twice daily for 5 days, treatment with naloxone (1.0 mg/kg) on day 6 produced greater withdrawal scores in males than in females. Conclusions: These experiments demonstrate sex differences in development of tolerance to and dependence on morphine in the rat.