Three pollen records are presented from the Pantano de Monica region (0 degrees 42'S, 72 degrees 04'W, 160 m elevation) on the lower terrace of Rio Caclueta of the central Colombian Amazonas. Ten radiocarbon dates from three cores indicate that the deposits are of Holocene age, but the pollen data suggest that the record may also contain the Late Glacial. The core Pantano de Monica I covers the time interval from 11,150 BP (extrapolated) to 4730 BP. During the Late Glacial and early Holocene this swamp was smaller in size and waters were more shallow than today, with abundant Mauritia palm trees. This indicates that the lower terrace of the Caqueta River was better drained than today, which might be related to changes in the drainage system and/or drier conditions during that time. Late Glacial and early Holocene vegetational changes in the rain forests surrounding the swamp Pantano de Monica indicate successional stages, probably related to changes in the drainage system and/or climate changes. Presence of Podocarpus pollen grains up to 2.6% of the total sum (and influx of 78 grains cm(-2) yr(-1)) point to the regional presence of Podocarpus at the beginning of the Holocene. Evidence of Podocarpus during glacial times in other pollen records from the Amazon basin has been taken as indicative of cooling. Core Pantano de Monica 2 was taken in a small swamp (1000 m distance to Pantano de Monica 1) and starts at 4000 BP when this location was well drained. Several changes in the composition of the rain forest are documented, such as increase in disturbance (increase of Cecropia) followed by a quick recovery (increase of Psychotria). Protium and Caryocar tree taxa were frequent, suggesting that the lower terrace area was well drained until 3080 BP, after which small swamps developed. Core Pantano de Monica 3 is from the wet forest in between the two swamps and represents the period since 3260 BP. Pollen data show a continuously increasing presence of palms, probably Euterpe, suggesting either a transition from well-drained to less drained conditions in the lower terrace during the late Holocene, and/or a more intensive human impact of the rain forest on the lower terraces of Rio Caqueta. The three records from the lower terrace of Rio Caqueta show different forest compositions in the past and indicate that the rain forest environments were not stable during Late Glacial and Holocene times. Comparison with other data from lowland records of northwestern South America suggest that climate change is a major factor for environmental change in central Colombian Amazon. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
