Ovariectomy Activates Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation Mediated by Memory T Cells, Which Promotes Osteoporosis in Mice

The loss of estrogen (E-2) initiates a rapid phase of bone loss leading to osteoporosis in one-half of postmenopausal women, but the mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we show for the first time how loss of E-2 activates low-grade inflammation to promote the acute phase of bone catabolic activity in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. E-2 regulates the abundance of dendritic cells (DCs) that express IL-7 and IL-15 by inducing the Fas ligand (FasL) and apoptosis of the DC. In the absence of E-2, DCs become long-lived, leading to increased IL-7 and IL-15. We find that IL-7 and IL-15 together, but not alone, induced antigen-independent production of IL-17A and TNF alpha in a subset of memory T cells (T-MEM). OVX of mice with T-cell-specific ablation of IL15RA showed no IL-17A and TNF alpha expression, and no increase in bone resorption or bone loss, confirming the role of IL-15 in activating the T-MEM and the need for inflammation. Our results provide a new mechanism by which E-2 regulates the immune system, and how menopause leads to osteoporosis. The low-grade inflammation is likely to cause or contribute to other comorbidities observed postmenopause. (c) 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.