The NH-pi interaction has been detected in the crystal structures of Co(III) ternary complexes with N,N-bis(carboxymethyl)-(S)-phenylalanine (BCMPA) and aromatic amino acids including (S)-phenylalanine ((S)-Phe), (R)-phenylalanine ((R)-Phe), and (S)-tryptophan ((S)-Trp)). Additionally, this interaction has been studied in solution for Co(III) ternary complexes with BCMPA or NTA (NTA = nitrilotriacetic acid) and several amino acids (AA) by means of electronic absorption, circular dichroism (CD), and H-1 NMR spectroscopies. The CD intensities of the Co(III) complexes with aromatic amino acids measured in the d-d region (similar to 20.5 x 10(3) cm(-1)) are significantly decreased in ethanol solutions relative to water. Analogous complexes with aliphatic amino acids do not exhibit this solvent effect. The H-1 NMR spectra of the Co(III) complexes with aromatic amino acids measured in DMSO-d(6) exhibit upfield shifts of the NH peaks compared with those with aliphatic amino acids, which suggest a shielding effect due to the aromaticity. The upshift values coincide with those experimentally evaluated from the crystal structures. The magnitude of the upfield shifts agrees well with Hammett's rule, indicating that the increase of pi -electron densities on the aromatic rings leads attractive NH-pi interaction that exerts a larger shielding effect for the NH protons. In ligand-substitution reactions of the carbonatocobalt(III) complexes with amino acids, the yields of those with aromatic amino acids are higher than the yields obtained for complexes with aliphatic amino acids. This observation is discussed in connection with the important contribution of the NH-pi interaction as one of the promotion factors in the reaction.
