Augmenting Wind Power Penetration and Grid Voltage Stability Limits Using ESS: Application Design, Sizing, and a Case Study

This paper presents a comprehensive energy storage system (ESS) application design for regulating wind power variation and increasing wind energy integration and grid voltage stability. The design includes a method for calculating a reference output profile, a charge-discharge scheme for directing the ESS operation, and an optimization-based method for determining ESS optimal rating. The efficacy of the application is validated via a case study with a large data set of 14 wind farms, compressed-air energy storage technology (CAES), and a 27-bus transmission grid. The results show that the use of the ESS is effective in reshaping the farms output and raising both the wind energy revenue and the grid voltage stability. For ESS optimal rating, the improvement in wind energy integration is between 1.7% and 8%. In addition, a net increase in the grid static voltage stability of 8.3%-18.3% is achieved by 13 of the 14 evaluated ESSs.