Measurements of polar vortex air in the midlatitudes

The Stratospheric Photochemistry, Aerosols, and Dynamics Expedition (SPADE) was conducted in the spring of 1993 from Moffett Field, California (NASA Ames Research Center), utilizing the NASA high-altitude ER-2 aircraft. These northern midlatitude aircraft flights showed laminae containing high ozone concentrations, traceable to the April 1993 polar vortex breakup and corroborated by laminae of other trace gases such as CFCs, CH4, N2O, and CO2. These laminae are clearly traceable as polar vortex breakup fragments using Rossby-Ertel's potential vorticity and isentropic trajectory calculations. Laminae in stratospheric ozone pro-files are commonly observed in the northern hemisphere from fall to spring, and are hypothesized to originate from very low frequency transverse waves, and/or via Rossby wave breaking. On the basis of these results, the ozone laminae observed during SPADE were a result of Rossby wave breaking during the breakdown of the polar vortex. In addition, it is shown that conventional once-per-day meteorological analyses were adequate for representing the transport of this material into the lower stratosphere midlatitudes over the course of the spring vortex breakup.