Interleukin-21: a critical regulator of the balance between effector and regulatory T-cell responses

Naive T cells can commit to effector [T helper 1 (Th1), Th2 and Th17] or regulatory lineages. Skewing of responses toward inflammatory Th1, Th2 or Th17 pathways and away from regulatory T-cell pathways might be responsible for the initiation and progress of immune-mediated diseases. Based on recent data, we propose that interleukin-21 (IL-21), a cytokine produced by activated CD4(+) T cells, induces the development of Th17 cells, blocks the differentiation of transforming growth factor-beta 1-induced regulatory T cells and renders CD4(+) T cells resistant to the suppressive effects of regulatory T cells, thereby playing a major role in pathogenic T-cell responses.