Cigarette smoking and age-related macular degeneration

Background. Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is one of the leading causes of severe visual impairment among older Americans. Several hypotheses have been proposed regarding the pathogenesis of ARMD. The possible association of cigarette smoking and ARMD remains controversial. Methods. Studies concerning the relationship between cigarette smoking and ARMD are identified through the use of Vision Articles Online and PubMed. Articles published since 1970 are reviewed. Results. The literature reviewed strongly supports a link between smoking and ARMD. Conclusions. The identification of smoking as a risk factor can lead to early intervention. Such intervention may lessen visual loss from this disease, which has limited medical treatment options.