Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part II: Reliability, system and transmission costs, and policies

被引:341
作者
Delucchi, Mark A. [1 ]
Jacobson, Mark Z. [2 ]
机构
[1] Univ Calif Davis, Inst Transportat Studies, Davis, CA 95616 USA
[2] Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
关键词
Wind power; Solar power; Water power; LIFE-CYCLE COST; OFFSHORE WIND; RENEWABLE ENERGY; SCALE; ELECTRICITY; INTEGRATION; ECONOMICS; STORAGE; AIR; ALTERNATIVES;
D O I
10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.045
中图分类号
F [经济];
学科分类号
02 ;
摘要
This is Part II of two papers evaluating the feasibility of providing all energy for all purposes (electric power, transportation, and heating/cooling), everywhere in the world, from wind, water, and the sun (WWS). In Part I, we described the prominent renewable energy plans that have been proposed and discussed the characteristics of WWS energy systems, the global demand for and availability of WWS energy, quantities and areas required for WWS infrastructure, and supplies of critical materials. Here, we discuss methods of addressing the variability of WWS energy to ensure that power supply reliably matches demand (including interconnecting geographically dispersed resources, using hydroelectricity, using demand-response management, storing electric power on site, over-sizing peak generation capacity and producing hydrogen with the excess, storing electric power in vehicle batteries, and forecasting weather to project energy supplies), the economics of WWS generation and transmission, the economics of WWS use in transportation, and policy measures needed to enhance the viability of a WWS system. We find that the cost of energy in a 100% WWS will be similar to the cost today. We conclude that barriers to a 100% conversion to WWS power worldwide are primarily social and political, not technological or even economic. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:1170 / 1190
页数:21
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