Perspectives in the management of Alzheimer's disease: Clinical profile of donepezil

Donepezil HCl is a piperidine-based reversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, chemically distinct from other cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors and rationally designed to treat the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is highly selective for AChE in the central nervous system (CNS), with little or no affinity for butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). In preclinical studies in animals, donepezil produced increased CNS acetylcholine. The resultant enhancement of cholinergic activity gave rise to improved performance by rats on tests of learning and memory, with no evidence of hepatic or renal toxicity. In subsequent phase I clinical evaluations in healthy volunteers, donepezil demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety profiles. Its long terminal disposition half-life supported once-daily administration, with no requirement for dose modification in the elderly or in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. A 14-week, phase II dose-finding study in patients with mild to moderate AD (Clinical Dementia Rating [CDR], 1-2; MiniMental State Examination [MMSE], 10-26) showed that donepezil at a dose of 5 mg/day produced highly significant improvements in cognition (as measured by the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale, cognitive subscale [ADAS-cog]). Subsequently, two pivotal parallel-group, placebo-controlled phase III trials (of 15 and 30 weeks' duration) showed highly statistically significant improvements in ADAS-cog, MMSE, Clinician's Interview-Based Impression of Change with caregiver input (CIBIC plus) and CDR-SB (Sum of the Boxes) scores, compared with placebo, in mild to moderate AD patients treated with either 5 or 10 mg/day donepezil. Adverse events in the phase II and III trials were mild and transient and resolved with continued donepezil administration. The donepezil clinical trials program has shown that this drug is a clinically effective and well-tolerated once-daily treatment for the symptoms of mild to moderate AD.