Modulation of lambda integrase synthesis by rare arginine tRNA

Lambda's int gene contains an anomalously high frequency of the rare arginine codons AGA and AGG when compared to genes of Escherichia coli or to the rest of phage lambda. These are the least frequent codons in genes of E. coli and are recognized by the rarest tRNAs. The presence of these codons reduces the translation rate and, depending on the context, this can strongly modulate translational efficiency by a variety of mechanisms. In this study, we show that expression of the natural int gene may also be modulated by rare arginine codon usage, and we explore this mechanism.