Ultraviolet B radiation-mediated inhibition of interferon-γ-induced keratinocyte activation is independent of interleukin-10 and other soluble mediators but associated with enhanced intracellular suppressors of cytokine-signaling expression

Ultraviolet irradiation represents a well-established treatment modality for inflammatory skin diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of ultraviolet B radiation-induced keratinocyte insensitivity towards interferon-gamma. Flow cytometric analyses indicated that ultraviolet B radiation temporarily inhibits the interferon-gamma-induced activation of primary keratinocyte and HaCaT cells as measured by reduced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (CD54) and HLA-DR upregulation. Western blot experiments have suggested that this is mediated by the ultraviolet B radiation-induced inhibition of signal transduction and transcription factor-1 phosphorylation. Neither interleukin-10 neutralization nor interleukin-10 addition had any effect on the ultraviolet B radiation-induced inhibition of interferon-gamma induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression. Furthermore, the supernatant from ultraviolet B-irradiated cells failed to inhibit the interferon-gamma-induced CD54 and HLA-DR upregulation in nonradiated HaCaT cells. Moreover, irradiated cells from whom the supernatant was withdrawn 4 h after irradiation still showed a diminished interferon-gamma-induced response after 24 h. Thus, not soluble but intracellular factors might be involved in the ultraviolet B radiation-induced inhibition of interferon-gamma-induced keratinocyte activation. Therefore, we analyzed the expression of members of suppressors of cytokine-signaling (SOCS) molecules using real-time polymerase chain reaction. We found a fast and strong upregulation of SOCS1 and SOCS3 but not of SOCS2 after ultraviolet B radiation. Similarly, ultraviolet B radiation induced the expression of these particular SOCS molecules in lesional psoriatic skin. As SOCS molecules are known inhibitors of signal transduction and transcription factor phosphorylation, which is essential for interferon-gamma-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and HLA-DR upregulation, this may explain the interferon-gamma unresponsiveness after ultraviolet B radiation.